Simulations revealed that 83 % and 71 % of all maternal families within island and mainland seed collections respectively needed to be resampled to capture 95 % of seed trait variation within existing collections. Despite morphological differences, seedling emergence was similar across populations. Substantial structure was observed both within and among Torrey pine populations, with island and mainland seeds varying in seed size and seed coat thickness. Using a simulation-based approach, we used estimates of within-population variance to assess the number of maternal families required to capture 95 % of trait variation within each existing seed collection. We quantified variation in 14 seed morphological traits and seedling emergence within and among Torrey pine populations. This study aimed to estimate population- and family-level seed trait variability for existing seed collections of Torrey pine ( Pinus torreyana), and to use these data to guide sampling of future collections. Understanding the within- and among-population distribution of trait variation within seed collections may provide a means to approximate standing genetic variation and inform plant conservation.
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